The energy landscape of Texas: From fossil fuel legacy to renewable powerhouse

Texas, historically known as the fossil fuel capital of the United States, has rapidly emerged as the nation’s leader in renewable energy. As of 2024, the state has deployed 42 GW of wind, 32 GW of solar, and 4 GW of battery storage—surpassing California’s renewable output by nearly double. This growth stems not from subsidies, but from a competitive, deregulated electricity market. This paper explores the evolution of Texas’ energy mix, the policy and economic mechanisms behind its success, and the emerging policy headwinds that risk undermining this progress.