A comprehensive review of large eddy simulation techniques for turbulent pipe flows

Turbulent pipe flow is a common and significant configuration in fluid dynamics that is utilized as a benchmark for basic turbulence research and as a model for numerous engineering uses.   Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) models are prevalent in industry; nevertheless, their inadequacy in adequately depicting complicated unstable processes has necessitated the adoption of more sophisticated methodologies. Large Eddy Simulation (LES) has evolved into an effective compromise, tackling the significant, energy-rich scales of motion while concurrently simulating the ubiquitous, minute scales.   This review article looks at how LES has changed, how it is used, and what it has done for turbulent pipe flow.   We discuss the primary methodologies, including Subgrid-scale (SGS) models, approaches for addressing near-wall effects, and numerical systems. An overview of the most essential facts LES taught us about turbulence statistics, coherent structures, and controlling flow.   We also work on problems that keep coming up, such high computing costs, getting the near-wall resolution right, and simulating complex setups that involve heat transfer, roughness, and multiphase flows.   to the end of the study, there is a look to the future of LES, with a focus on how stronger computers and new hybrid approaches will be used.