Effects of radiation on humans due to the proximity of 5G wearable device

The integration of fifth generation (5G) wireless technology into wearable electronics marks a critical advancement in personal health monitoring and real-time data transmission. However, the continuous proximity of these devices raises concerns on their possible harmful effects to the human body, particularly in the context of millimeter wave (mmWave) emissions. This review critically evaluates current evidence regarding the health effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) emitted by 5G wearable devices, emphasizing translational findings across mechanistic in vitro investigation, In vivo animal models, and human epidemiological observational studies. We focused on studies employing frequencies in the 6–100 GHz range, reflecting the operational spectrum of mmWave 5G devices. In vitro investigations reveal alterations in reactive oxygen species (ROS) balance, calcium flux, tight junction integrity, and heat- and stress-related protein expression, particularly in dermal cell lines. Animal studies suggest that chronic exposure to RF-EMR may elicit oxidative stress, neuroendocrine disruption, and behavioral changes, even at intensities below regulatory thresholds. While human data remains limited, preliminary studies suggest subtle physiological effects such as altered heart rate variability and increased skin conductance, during prolonged exposure to smartwatches. Further investigations such as long-term and large cohort studies are needed to better understand exposure profiles and cumulative emissions from multiple wearable, and implantable devices and their effects on human health.