Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Multimedia University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya.
* Corresponding Author
ORCID Details
Patrick Kipyegon Koech: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2390-1554
Livingstone Mwalugha Ngoo: // https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0009-9701
Henry Macharia Kiragu: https://orcid.org/ 0009-0008-9976-2713
World Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology and Sciences, 2026, 20(03), 051–066
Article DOI: 10.30574/wjaets.2026.20.3.0435
Received on 27 July 2026; revised on 05 September 2026; accepted on 07 September 2026
Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) services in Millimeter-Wave Fifth Generation (mmWave 5G) core networks require efficient processing and real-time orchestration of network functions. Conventional Central Processing Unit (CPU)-based processing can introduce computational delays as telemetry volumes and network workloads increase. This study proposes a Graphics Processing Unit-enabled Feedforward Artificial Neural Network (GPU-FFANN) to predict Network Function (NF) overload and processing latency for proactive network orchestration. The proposed 11-64-32-2 FFANN architecture jointly performs NF overload classification and processing latency regression using a synthetically generated telemetry dataset of 300,000 samples, partitioned into 80% (240,000 samples) training, 10% (30,000 samples) validation, and 10% (30,000 Samples) testing. The model was implemented using PyTorch in a Computer Unified Device Architecture (CUDA)-enabled GPU computing environment. The GPU-FFANN performance was compared to a CPU/Virtual Central Processing Unit (VCPU)-based FFANN. The GPU-FFANN achieved 99.86% accuracy, 99.89% precision, 99.65% recall, and 99.77% F1-score for NF overload prediction, with a Mean Squared Error (MSE) of 0.2589 and a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.4055. Computational Inference performance was separately evaluated across inference batch sizes from 256 to 1,000,000 samples. At a batch size of 30,000, GPU-FFANN per-sample latency was approximately 5.0x10-8 s compared with 1.23x10-7 s for CPU/VCPU-FFANN, corresponding to a 59.35% reduction in per-sample inference latency and approximately 2.46 times faster inference. These results indicate that GPU-FFANN improves computational efficiency and supports responsive, proactive real-time VNF orchestration under high-traffic in mmWave 5G core networks.
mmWave 5G, GPU-FFANN, Artificial Neural Network, Virtual Network Function (VNF) Orchestration, Latency reduction, URLLC
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Patrick Kipyegon Koech, Livingstone Mwalugha Ngoo and Henry Macharia Kiragu.GPU-ENABLED FFANN INFERENCE FOR LOW-LATENCY VNF ORCHESTRATION IN MMWAVE 5G CORE NETWORK. World Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology and Sciences, 2026, 20(03), 051–066. Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.30574/wjaets.2026.20.3.0435