Integration of Recycled and Local Materials in Low-Carbon Urban Structures

Rapid urban expansion continues to drive global carbon emissions, with the construction sector accounting for a significant share due to the intensive production of cement, steel, and virgin aggregates. As cities pursue sustainable development, integrating recycled and locally sourced materials presents a viable pathway for reducing embodied carbon in the built environment. This study investigates the environmental, structural, and economic feasibility of using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA), reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), bamboo, compressed earth blocks (CEBs), and other regionally available low-carbon materials in urban structures. Through a synthesis of existing literature, comparative life-cycle assessments, and evaluations of engineering performance, the research identifies how material substitution can effectively lower emissions while maintaining functional integrity. The analysis further explores implementation challenges, including quality variability, regulatory gaps, and limited industry familiarity, which often hinder widespread adoption. Findings indicate that recycled and local materials can reduce embodied carbon by up to 50%, enhance circular resource flows, and support resilience-focused urban planning when supported by optimized mix designs, adequate testing, and policy incentives. The study contributes a methodological framework that aligns technical performance with sustainability goals and highlights strategic interventions such as updated building codes, improved recycling infrastructure, and localized supply chains to accelerate material transformation in urban construction. Overall, the research underscores the critical role of resource-efficient materials in achieving low-carbon, climate-responsive urban development.