Passive fire protection strategies in high-rise architecture: Evaluating effectiveness and sustainability in urban environments

Passive fire protection (PFP) strategies play a critical role in ensuring the safety and sustainability of high-rise buildings, particularly in densely populated urban environments. This review explores the effectiveness of PFP systems in mitigating fire hazards while addressing their environmental and architectural impacts. The study evaluates contemporary PFP materials and technologies, examining their integration into high-rise architecture to enhance fire resistance and minimize risks. Furthermore, the paper investigates the sustainability of PFP strategies, focusing on material lifecycle, energy efficiency, and alignment with urban environmental policies. Key challenges, including implementation barriers and compatibility with modern architectural trends, are discussed. Through a comparative analysis of case studies and expert opinions, this review highlights best practices and opportunities for advancing PFP systems. The findings emphasize the need for innovative, sustainable approaches and robust regulatory frameworks to optimize fire safety while contributing to urban resilience. Recommendations are provided to guide future development, ensuring that PFP strategies meet the dual goals of safety and sustainability in high-rise architecture.