A review on advances and applications of smart sensors in the internet of things: From industrial systems to smart cities

The integration of smart sensors with the Internet of Things (IoT) has accelerated the development of intelligent systems across various sectors, notably in industrial environments and smart city infrastructures. Smart sensors, equipped with embedded processing and communication capabilities, enable real-time monitoring, data collection, and automated decision-making. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in smart sensor technologies and their practical applications within industrial systems and urban settings. In industrial domains, smart sensors enhance operational efficiency, support predictive maintenance, and improve safety protocols. Within smart cities, they contribute to intelligent transportation systems, environmental monitoring, energy management, and public safety initiatives. The paper also discusses the technical challenges associated with sensor interoperability, data security, energy efficiency, and scalability in large-scale IoT deployments. By examining both current innovations and emerging research directions, this study emphasizes the transformative role of smart sensors in realizing fully connected, sustainable, and responsive environments.