IoT-enabled smart water level monitoring and control system

Water scarcity and inefficient water management are urgent global challenges that demand automated solutions. This study introduces an IoT-enabled smart water level monitoring and control system built around an ESP32 microcontroller, HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensors, a float switch, and an AC-powered pump controlled via a 5V-operated relay module. The ESP32’s integrated Wi-Fi hosts a lightweight web server, offering remote, real-time access to water-level data, user-defined threshold configuration, and alert notifications via any browser or smartphone. Ultrasonic measurements continuously track tank depth; when levels drop below set thresholds, the relay engages the pump, while the float switch prevents dry-run damage. A compact AC-to-DC converter ensures stable power. Energy efficiency is achieved through ESP32 deep-sleep modes, reducing standby current below 100 µA. Comparative evaluation against GSM- and Raspberry Pi–based designs demonstrate a 20% hardware‐cost reduction, under 2 seconds response latency, and high scalability for multi-tank deployments. Four-week field trials in residential and small industrial settings confirmed zero overflows and up to 30% water savings. The system’s modular, user-friendly web interface streamlines installation, monitoring, and maintenance, making it ideal for broad adoption.