3D Printed Concrete: A comprehensive review (2004–2025)

This paper reviews 3D printed concrete (3DPC) from its inception in the early 2000s to till date, synthesizing findings from peer-reviewed sources and standards. We map the technology’s evolution—from contour crafting and early mortar-only extrusion to today’s large-scale, reinforced, and sustainability-aligned systems. The review integrates material design (binders, admixtures, fibers, and alternative binders), rheology and printability metrics, interlayer bonding, structural performance and reinforcement strategies, durability, LCA and sustainability, digital workflows (BIM/CAM, toolpaths), quality control and in-process sensing, standardization progress (RILEM/TCs) and notable global case studies. We identify consistent gaps in test standardization, structural design methods, field QC, and long-term durability datasets, and outline a research agenda for code-calibrated design, robust reinforcement, and low-carbon printable binders.