Advances and Integration of Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS): A Circular Approach Towards a Net-Zero Carbon Economy

Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels from human activities pose a major threat to global climate stability, reinforcing the need for effective mitigation technologies. Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) has become a central strategy for advancing a net-zero carbon economy by simultaneously reducing emissions and creating value from captured CO₂. Significant progress in carbon capture and storage has been achieved in energy-intensive and industrial sectors, with geological sequestration serving as the primary long-term storage option. Meanwhile, utilization pathways are gaining traction for converting CO₂ into fuels, chemicals, and construction materials, thereby promoting circular resource flows. Recent advances in CCUS are supported by innovative materials such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), solid sorbents, and amine-functionalized membranes, which offer improved selectivity, durability, and energy efficiency. Integrated approaches, including direct air capture (DAC), bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), and electrochemical CO₂ conversion, further strengthen system performance and expand utilization potential. However, high energy demand, economic constraints, infrastructure requirements, regulatory uncertainties, and public acceptance continue to limit large-scale deployment. Addressing these challenges will require supportive policy frameworks and interdisciplinary research to enhance techno-economic feasibility and scalability. Most importantly, CCUS represents a critical pathway for achieving deep decarbonization within a circular and resilient global economy.