Autism Spectrum Disorder: Etiology and Gender Differences in STEM Education Choices

The term Autism refers to a group of developmental disorders characterized by deficits in social interaction and communication, as well as a markedly restricted repertoire of activities and interests (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). While 6–10% of individuals with Autism present with combined neurodevelopmental syndromes, for the majority the cause remains unknown. It is likely that multiple etiological factors contribute to this symptomatic constellation. However, the complex interaction between genetic makeup, hormonal activity, and environmental influences enables researchers and clinicians to better understand the causality of the autism spectrum and its differentiation between the two sexes. A combination of social difficulties and sensory sensitivities, together with significant impairments in executive functioning and the protective attitudes of families, appears clinically to lead higher-functioning individuals with autism to perform below the potential suggested by their normal intelligence. The perception that men are inherently more talented and interested in science is a widespread cultural stereotype. Research indicates that interest in academic studies and careers in STEM fields is largely shaped by environmental influences, as social, psychological, and sociocultural perspectives offer clearer explanations regarding gender differences.