Towards a connected nation: Exploring telecommunication technology ecosystems for effective, efficient, and economical deployment strategies

This article investigates the telecommunication technology ecosystem to formulate strategies for building a connected nation using effective, efficient, and economical combination of technologies. It examines both wireless systems (e.g., Microwave Transport Radio, Cellular Access Radio Systems, WiFi, Fixed Wireless Access, Satellite Systems) and wireline systems (e.g., Fiber Optics). The analysis evaluates each technology's inherent characteristics, benefits, challenges, cost, deployment ease, capabilities, scalability, and applications in urban and rural settings. Emphasis is placed on leveraging these technologies for various services, including voice, data, video, AI, emergency services, telemedicine, and robotic health operations in underserved and urban regions. A Scenario-Need-Technology Mix Matrix (SNTMM) is developed to assist service providers, governments, policymakers, program managers, and communities in selecting the appropriate technologies to meet their needs effectively and economically.