A review on effect of different herbicides on growth, reproduction and biochemical markers of earthworm

Herbicides, widely used in modern agriculture, play a pivotal role in controlling weeds and enhancing crop productivity. However, their effects on non-target soil organisms, such as earthworms, are a growing concern due to the ecological importance of these organisms in soil fertility and structure. This review examines the impact of various herbicides on earthworm growth, reproduction, and biochemical markers. Studies reveal that herbicide exposure can adversely affect growth rates, cocoon production, and hatchling success in different earthworm species. Furthermore, biochemical markers such as oxidative stress enzymes, metabolic activity, and biomarkers of neurotoxicity provide insights into sub-lethal effects and underlying physiological mechanisms. The variation in sensitivity among species is influenced by herbicide type, concentration, and exposure duration. Understanding these impacts is essential for developing sustainable agricultural practices that minimize harm to soil biodiversity. This review highlights the need for eco-toxicological evaluations to guide safe herbicide use.