A comprehensive review on the use of Internet-of-Things-based systems in underground mining for monitoring environmental conditions

The implementation of Internet of Things (IoT) technology in the mining sector has immense potential to enhance both safety and efficiency. The mining industry is globally acknowledged for its valuable resources, including gold, coal, and iron ore, which are extracted from beneath the Earth's surface. Several environmental factors in underground mines affect the productivity and safety of mine workers, such as the presence of toxic gases, flammable gases, elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) levels, and reduced oxygen (O2) levels. Managing these gases is a critical concern that requires appropriate measures. There are multiple techniques available to monitor gas percentages and ensure an appropriate response is enacted when gas levels exceed the acceptable limit. Every system has its own constraints. Wireless monitoring systems play a crucial role in underground mines. This paper outlines the approach to implement IoT in subterranean mining environments to assess environmental variables, the configuration of sensor installation in underground locations, gas threshold limits, and disasters in underground mines resulting from gas explosions. Additionally, it analyzes wireless sensor network (WSN) technologies such as ZigBee and LoRa for applications within underground mines. Finally, it suggests a real-time safety system for industrial environments in underground mines, discussing its functionality, effectiveness, and potential applications.