Seamless integration of LEO satellite constellations with 5G/6G core networks for ultra-reliable, low-latency communications

The integration of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations with fifth-generation (5G) and emerging sixth-generation (6G) core networks represents a paradigmatic shift toward achieving truly global, ultra-reliable, and low-latency communications. This convergence addresses the fundamental challenge of bridging the digital divide while enabling ubiquitous connectivity for mission-critical applications. This article examines the technical foundations, architectural considerations, and implementation challenges associated with seamlessly integrating LEO satellite systems with terrestrial cellular networks. Through comprehensive analysis of current standardization efforts, performance metrics, and emerging technologies, we explore how this integration can realize the vision of universal connectivity while meeting the stringent requirements for ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC). The findings indicate that while significant technical hurdles remain, the synergistic combination of LEO constellations with 5G/6G networks holds tremendous potential for revolutionizing global communications infrastructure.